Measles, mumps, and rubella are three highly contagious viral infections that share a common vaccine: the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccination is the gold standard in the prevention of all three infections, especially as treatment options are limited. Although these infections share commonalities, they differ significantly in severity and patient morbidity. This chapter addresses each infection individually, highlighting the respective infectants’ biology, presentation, vaccine concerns, symptoms, and isolation processes, among other topics.

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by the measles virus. Ref 85-1 Fappani C, Gori M, Canuti M, et al. Breakthrough Infections: A Challenge towards Measles Elimination? Microorg 2022:10(8);1567. doi:10.339... - You do not have permission to view this object.  It was previously known as a childhood disease, but it can infect anyone, regardless of age or location. It is a self-limiting illness that is transmitted via airborne droplets. Measles can have serious complications including pneumonia, encephalitis, deafness, and death. Ref 85-2 Lee AD, Clemmons NS, Patel M, Gastañaduy PA. International Importations of Measles Virus into the United States during the Postelimination... - You do not have permission to view this object.  Ref 85-3 Gastanaduy PA, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, et al. Chapter 7 Measles. In: Roush SW, Baldy LM, Mulroy J (eds). Manual for the Surveillance of Vacc... - You do not have permission to view this object.  The development of safe and effective vaccines drastically reduced the incidence of measles for many years; however, since 2008, there has been a resurgence of the virus. Measles remains a critical public health concern. Ref 85-4 World Health Organization (WHO). Rubella Vaccines: Who Position Paper - July 2020. Week Epidemiol Rec. 2020;95(27). www.who.int/publicatio... - You do not have permission to view this object.  Ref 85-5 Dewey-Mattia D, Manikonda K, Hall AJ, et al.  Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009–2015. Surveil Summ 2018:6... - You do not have permission to view this object.  

Mumps is an infectious viral illness caused by the Rubula virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. Ref 85-6 Almansour I. Mumps Vaccines: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2020:11.doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01999  - You do not have permission to view this object.  Mumps is typically a mild illness, but in rare cases, it can lead to serious complications like meningitis and death. Ref 85-6 Almansour I. Mumps Vaccines: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2020:11.doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01999  - You do not have permission to view this object.  Ref 85-7 Masters N, Leung J, Tappe J, et al. Chapter 9 Mumps. In: Roush SW, Baldy LM, Mulroy J (eds). Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preven... - You do not have permission to view this object.  Humans are the only natural host for mumps. Transmission occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets and/or saliva or indirect contact with fomites. Ref 85-8 Davison P, Rausch-Phung EA, Morris J. Mumps. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. - You do not have permission to view this object.  Mumps transmission is uncommon in healthcare settings, although this may be underreported. Ref 85-7 Masters N, Leung J, Tappe J, et al. Chapter 9 Mumps. In: Roush SW, Baldy LM, Mulroy J (eds). Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preven... - You do not have permission to view this object.  The mumps vaccine was highly effective at slowing the spread of the virus and significantly decreased incidence in the United States. In 2006, a resurgence of mumps in fully vaccinated individuals prompted further strategic dialogue on how to prevent and control the spread and rebuild the public’s trust in vaccine effectiveness. Ref 85-7 Masters N, Leung J, Tappe J, et al. Chapter 9 Mumps. In: Roush SW, Baldy LM, Mulroy J (eds). Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preven... - You do not have permission to view this object.

Rubellais a viral infection belonging to the Matonaviridae species and Ribivirus genus. Ref 85-9 World Health Organization (WHO). Rubella. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella. Published May 14, 2024. Accessed July... - You do not have permission to view this object.  It is known as the German measles, and it is transmitted through droplet secretions. Vaccination is considered the best defense against rubella. Although it is considered a childhood illness, rubella can infect anyone of any age. It primarily causes complications in pregnant people. Ref 85-10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About Rubella. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/ Published June 5, 2024. Accessed July 17, 2... - You do not have permission to view this object.  In the U.S., it is considered eliminated due to mass vaccination. Most cases identified in the U.S. are imported via international travel. As a result, one laboratory confirmed case is considered an outbreak, and contact tracing is required for exposed individuals. Ref 85-9 World Health Organization (WHO). Rubella. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella. Published May 14, 2024. Accessed July... - You do not have permission to view this object.