Continued medical progress has introduced an increasing use of implantable devices for a growing number of indications. These innovative medical devices have saved numerous lives and improved quality of life for many people. However, the use of these devices comes with the risk of infectious complications. Optimal infection prevention strategies are of paramount importance to improve outcomes. This chapter addresses current issues in the prevention of infections in implanted medical devices. Temporary indwelling medical devices, such as vascular catheters, urinary catheters, and endotracheal tubes, are not the focus of this chapter and are addressed in other chapters:  35. Urinary Tract Infection,  36. Vascular Access Device-Associated Infections, and  38. Pneumonia.