Modern medicine has made amazing strides during the past several decades, owing to improved medical knowledge and advanced applied technology. The enormous increase in the use of rather traditional and new innovative medical devices has saved numerous lives and improved the quality of life for many people. With the use of these devices has come the increased risk of serious infectious complications, particularly for critically ill patients who are growing in number, who are already at increased risk for infection, and who are most likely to use medical devices. Continued medical progress promises to bring an ever-increasing use of implantable prosthetic devices for a growing number of indications. Optimal prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections related to the use of these devices are of paramount importance to diminish major morbidity and mortality. This chapter addresses current issues in the prevention and management of infections in various implanted medical devices seen in current clinical practice, with a focus on select permanent devices seen in the inpatient arena. Indwelling medical devices that are of a more temporary nature such as vascular catheters, urinary catheters, or endotracheal tubes are not the focus of this chapter and are addressed in other chapters.