Oncology patients and other immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for acquiring community and healthcare-associated infections because of their underlying disease processes and/or treatment regimens that result in an impaired immune response. Treatment of infection is often more difficult in this population and associated with increased morbidity and mortality; therefore, infection prevention is key. Infection prevention and control measures that focus on universal strategies, such as Standard Precautions and environmental controls, are essential. Additionally, a comprehensive infection prevention and control program must provide a road map for identification and management of each patient’s specific infection risks. For oncology patients, such risks can involve exposure to communicable diseases, the use of invasive devices, and the possibility of opportunistic infections from endogenous flora or environmental pathogens associated with air, water, and other environmental sources.